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However, the technology-import strate jy backfired, partly because of a downturn in the world economy but also because oflack of ability and expe- rience in the most advantageous use of the new technology. Failing to repay its debts, the regime became known in international financial circles as a deadbeat. The country's reputation suffered further injury when some of its diplomats in Scandinavian countries were accused of smuggling drugs, in what seems to have been a systematic attempt to raise hard currency. Pyoneyang had botched the first of many attempts to take money and technoloey-but not ideas and values -from the West. In 1972 North Korea adopted a new constitution, which mandated a switch to a presidential system. Kim Il-sung gave up the premiership to take the presidency. Thenceforth, the premiership would be a usefullightning rod for the regime. The incumbent premier could be dismissed nike air max 2011 to take responsibility for any recognized policy failure --even though President Kim continued to dictate the policies. At the end of 1977 Kim reorganized the government, im- plicitly acknowledging the North's Failure to regain the economic lead over the South. While men of military background previously had served as pre- mier, this time he put an economist, Li Jong-ok, into the job. The question was mens black nike air max how much leeway Li and his technocrat cohorts would have. After all, real power continued to be held by President Kim, who had established a politics-first ideology and who kept around him men who had served with him as male nike air max shoes anti-Japanese guerillas.s Despite the problems, Kim stuck stubbornly to -and even intensified- his policy of Stalinist centralism.6 nike air max 2011 men's running shoes Micromanagement from the top had be- come less and less effective with the economy's expansion, but stillit seemed that no detail was too small to concern Kim Il-sung. At a meeting of financial and banking workers in December 1978, he gave an hour-long address that HE GAVE US WATER AND SENT US MACHINES 157 to know, plus fear that we would spread alien knowledge and opinions that might call into question Kim Il-sung's leadership. I was assigned to stay in the Potonggang Hotel. Disappointingly, a large surrounding park planted with willow trees isolated the hotel from the daily life of Pyongyang. I kept asking if I could not just wander around by myself, but my handlers politely forbade it.

A baby, only a few weeks old, LV damier Azur was sent to a nursery at the mother place. The children would stay there from early morning until late The mothers were permitted breaks from their work to feed them. A ular classes, the state kept school-aged youngsters busy with super tivities. Youngsters might end up louis vuitton monogram handbag spending only an hour or two a ( their parents, if that much. North Korea had been one of the fir countries to extend free public education as far as grade ten, and tha was an undeniably impressive accomplishment. As a Westerner, tJ could not help finding a sinister aspect to the system's near monopob dren's upbringin8' and the direction in which it guided them. Official propaganda claimed on one level that the children the were the beneficiaries of the approach. "In this country," President : said, "children are the kings." His disciples thapsodically reported Great Leader would do anything for the children, and that the edt system was a manifestation of his boundless love for them. I visited a Pyon:yang weekly boarding nursery, whose tiny spent only Saturday nights and christian louboutin evening Sundays with their families. The said enthusiastically that they "grow faster and learn more than if thej home." Meanwhile, tots in her nursery competed in a relay race to sc of two teams could be first to complete sentences such as "We are har"We have nothing to envy in the world." Two-year- olds in the sli nursery were counting apples displayed on a visual aid: "These and one more makes five." In a room decorated with models of P Kim's birthplace, little ones showed the proper attitude to th Leader by reciting stories of his childhood and bowing before his l portrait. By the time children reached kindergarten age, the) have learned to say, when they received their snacks, "Thank yor Fatherly Leader." Sometimes it was the parents who were said to benefit ~rom the c educational system. Mothers were "liberated" for "political, econo cultural life," the nursery director said. At the mammoth Pyongya dren's Palace, an official explained that having the state in charge of not only in school but louis vuitton 2011 after school meant that "parents do not have i about the children's education." The "palace" kept ten thousand midcI and high school students busy from 4 P.M. to 7 P.M. daily with classe; rather advanced -in music, arts, crafts, vocational subjects, sports, i tics and communist ideology. Provincial capitals offered similar if sc smaller facilities. On another level, Kim Il-sung himself had indicated that benef ing ~rom the educational system to parents and children as individu not really what he had in mind. Rather, the education system was inb

COUNTRY ACROSS IHE COUNTRYperformers migrated there, even from faraway Texas and Okla- homa, to make it in the business. Eck Robertson and Henry Gilliland were simply the first of many who came for the sole purpose of recording; when they persuaded Victor to record their fiddle tunes in 1922, commercial country music had its begin- ning. Gene Autry lived there for a while, rooming with the Mar- vin Brothers (Frankie and Johnny) and making his first recordings. Tex Ritter came in 1928, lured first by the Broadway stage. Within a few years, though, Ritter found regular work on New York City radio, WINS's "Cowboy Tom's Roundup," WOR's "Lone Star Rangers, and even as co-host (with RayWhitley) of "WHN Barn Dance." Despite the trend toward field recordings in the pre-World War II years, more country discs were recorded in New York than anywhere else. The prolific Vernon Dalhart alone-some five thousand releases of nearly one thousand different songs- could account for the city's predominance! New York also was the capital of the nation's music publishing business, and of the few gold platform pumps publishers that would handle country music in its early years most were based in and around the famous Tin Pan Alley. The venerable Shapiro Bernstein, Inc., acquired a few lucrative hillbilly copyrights; Leeds Music and Robbins Music did likewise. Biggest, though, of the New York hillbilly publishers early on was Bob Miller, Inc., founded by its namesake, a writer grey metallic ugg boots from Memphis who penned such country classics as "Twenty One Years" and "There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere." Miller made New York City his base throughout his professional life. Record producer turned publisher Ralph Peer founded the giant Southern Music in New York in 1928, and orange glitter shoes an empire was born with his country and blues copyrights. Carson Robison, Kansas-born guitarist/whistler/ singer/writer and veteran of hundreds of New York recording sessions, also published is large catalog out of New York. Even with the emergence of areas closer to home as country music centers, the lure of New York still drew some country performers in later years. Jim Robertson came from Texas, Wilf Carter from Canada, yodeler Elton Britt from Arkansas via Cal- ifornia, his duet partner (and New York disc jockey) Rosalie Allen from Alabama, and of course many others spent large parts of their careers in the Big women's bailey button ugg boot Apple. As late as the 1950s, major labels were still holding some country recording sessions in New York, though of course much less frequently-Hank Snow, for example, cut "I Don't Hurt Anymore" there for RCA in 1954, and Marty Robbins "A White Sport Coat" there for Columbia in1957. Relate Links: mini ugg boots mini boots mini boot uk

UNDER THE LOVING CARE OF THE FATHERLY LEADER the phone. After setting the direction for a task, he left the details of execu- tion to the independent decision of his subordinates. Kim Il-sung made fre- quent site inspections, from which he derived a lot o~ ideas. And when putting one o~ his ideas into practice, he would test it at a restricted level to gain more experience before making it the norm. He clid not necessarily imi- tate other countries but tried to make adjustments to suit our situation. Thus he was not a~fected by the air max 95 womens shoes negative influence of other countries." Hwang acknowledged that he had "learned a great deal from Kim Il- sung." The premier "genuinely cared about us secretaries, and told us to ac- company him whenever he made his rounds to the ~actories or farms." When the aides were able to make time from mens nike air max 95 the press of other duties to accept his invitations, they found that "Kim Il-sung did a Fine job when he went to visit ~araway places to personally guide the workers. He paid attention to the opinions of the workers or farmers, and did not act in an overbearing man- ner."104 Still, for a dynamo of energy such as Kim Il-sung evidently was during the 1950s, seemingly no detail of the country's reconstruction was too small to deserve his "guidance." In July 0~ 1955, visiting the newly built railway station at Kanggye, he complained that the station signboard was too small- and so was the greenery. Disdaining the small saplings he found planted around women nike air max 2010 the station, he said: "You've planted small trees though many good big trees are available. . . . It'll be long before such young trees grow big enou8Fh for old people to enjoy the view." nike air max 2011 women's Thereupon he instructed that the saplings be replaced with bigger trees.105 In another wallow in the nitty~gritty details of running the country, in January 0~ 1958, Kim met with construction officials to press for increased housing production through prefabrication. "Ifyou reduce the per-unit rota- tion time of cranes to seven or eight minutes, finish plastering while the units

Less than discount louis vuitton handbags three weeks later, on July 7, 1953, the U.S. National Security Council adopted a top-secret policy statement covering the period between the signing of the armistice and the negotiation of a peace treaty-an "in- terim" periocl that even a half century later had yet to end, louis vuitton epi leather jasmin according to that definition. Among other measures, the United States was to "continue a program o~ covert operations designed to assist in the achievement Stephen Sprouse Collection of U.S. objectives vis-a-vis Communist China and Korea."32 As ~or what those ob- jectives might be, another top-secret NSC report issued that same day said that Washington could choose one of two mutually exclusive objectives in Ko- rea. One was to continue the clivision of the country, with South Korea to be brought into the U.S. security system as a military ally. The other choice was to ensure that united Korea would be neutral but governed 'oy the regime al- ready in place in the South. The second option, o~ course, was available only i~ North and South could be unified. The policymakers decided after due debate that a reunified and neutral but noncommunist Korea was the pre~ ferred option.33 However, a subsequent international conference at Geneva dicl not reach agreement on LV epi leather a peace treaty_much less on the reunification- with~neutralization option. As we have seen, part of Kim Il-sung's strategy to sul:)vert the South was to restore the prewar North Korean economy and build on it to demonstrate the superiority o~ the socialist system -the mirror image of what Dulles en- visioned for the South. The clifference was that Kim managed to show some quick successes while the Rhee regime in Seoul faltered politically and turned in a dismal economic performance.

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